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Polished dinosaur gem bone revealing mineral-filled internal structure

Deep Time Library

Journey Through Deep Time

A guided passage through the origins of Earth, the Jurassic landscapes of the Morrison Formation, and the remarkable materials that reach the atelier today.

Begin the journey

Geological timeline

From distant origins to the present

Dates are rounded for a clear overview.

  1. Earth forms

    Dust and rock orbiting the young Sun accumulated into our planet. Meteorites preserve material from this early Solar System story.

  2. Early life

    The oldest widely accepted evidence records microbial life on an Earth already shaped by oceans, crust and atmosphere.

  3. Cambrian diversification

    Marine animal life diversified dramatically, leaving a richer fossil record of shells, tracks and hard body parts.

  4. The Morrison world

    Rivers and seasonal floodplains stretched across western North America. Dinosaurs including Allosaurus, Stegosaurus, Diplodocus and Camarasaurus lived in this changing landscape.

  5. End-Cretaceous extinction

    A global catastrophe ended the age of non-avian dinosaurs, while birds and many other lineages survived.

  6. The Quaternary

    Repeated glacial cycles shaped landscapes inhabited by mammoths and other Ice Age animals.

  7. The atelier

    Ancient natural materials are documented, selected and transformed into contemporary objects in Western Australia.

Artistic reconstruction of a Late Jurassic Morrison Formation river floodplain with sauropods, Stegosaurus and smaller dinosaurs
Artistic reconstruction of a Morrison Formation ecosystem. Colours, behaviours and the arrangement of animals are interpretive.

Late Jurassic North America

The Morrison Formation

The Morrison Formation is a widespread sequence of Late Jurassic rocks across the western United States. Its mudstones, sandstones and limestones preserve evidence of rivers, floodplains, wetlands and dry intervals, together with one of the world’s best-known dinosaur faunas.

Some legally sourced fossil bone from private land can be cut and polished, revealing mineral-filled biological structure. The colours belong to the fossilisation history, not to the living animal.

Read the dinosaur gem bone guide

Schematic distribution

A formation spanning the American West

Morrison rocks are exposed across a broad region of the western United States. This simplified diagram provides geographic context only. It does not show collecting locations or imply that every product comes from every highlighted state.

Detailed schematic map of the western United States showing state boundaries, Utah and the approximate distribution of Morrison Formation rocks

Not to scale. The highlighted area is an educational approximation, not a locality or land-ownership map.

From living bone to lapidary material

How dinosaur gem bone forms

Select each stage to follow the journey. Fossilisation varies between specimens; this is a simplified overview rather than a recipe that every fossil follows.

Educational illustration of mineral-bearing groundwater moving through buried porous bone
Educational reconstruction, not to scale.
01 Burial

Sediment covers the remains before weathering and decay destroy the bone’s structure.

02 Groundwater

Mineral-bearing water moves through pores, canals and fractures within the buried bone.

03 Permineralisation

Minerals precipitate in open spaces and can preserve a three-dimensional record of internal architecture.

04 Alteration

Original bone mineral may remain, recrystallise or be partly replaced as chemistry changes.

05 Exposure

Uplift and erosion eventually bring fossil-bearing rock closer to the surface.

06 Cutting and polish

Lawfully sourced lapidary material is cut to reveal mineral-filled structure, then documented and polished.

Representative Morrison dinosaurs

Animals of a Jurassic landscape

These animals are known from the Morrison Formation. They are presented as ecosystem context, not as identifications of individual gem-bone fragments.

Select any dinosaur to reveal more information.

PredatorAllosaurusExplore profile

A large theropod and one of the Morrison Formation’s best-known predators. Its skull carried ridges above the eyes and held recurved, serrated teeth.

Diet
Carnivore
Approximate length
Often 8–9 m
Person 1.7 mAllosaurus ~8 m
Armoured herbivoreStegosaurusExplore profile

A low-headed herbivore distinguished by two rows of back plates and a tail armed with paired spikes.

Diet
Herbivore
Approximate length
About 7–9 m
Person 1.7 mStegosaurus ~8 m
Long-necked herbivoreDiplodocusExplore profile

A slender sauropod with an exceptionally long neck and whip-like tail. Peg-shaped teeth were concentrated near the front of the jaws.

Diet
Herbivore
Approximate length
Often 24–26 m
Person 1.7 mDiplodocus ~25 m
Long-necked herbivoreApatosaurusExplore profile

A robust sauropod with a powerful neck and tail. Its heavy limb bones differ from the more slender Diplodocus.

Diet
Herbivore
Approximate length
Roughly 21–23 m
Person 1.7 mApatosaurus ~22 m
Long-necked herbivoreCamarasaurusExplore profile

One of the most commonly found Morrison sauropods, with a relatively short, box-like skull and spoon-shaped teeth.

Diet
Herbivore
Approximate length
About 15–18 m
Person 1.7 mCamarasaurus ~17 m
PredatorCeratosaurusExplore profile

A theropod recognised by a horn-like projection on its snout and small bony structures along the back.

Diet
Carnivore
Approximate length
About 5–7 m
Person 1.7 mCeratosaurus ~6 m
Small herbivoreDryosaurusExplore profile

A lightly built, two-legged herbivore with long hind limbs, suited to moving quickly through the floodplain landscape.

Diet
Herbivore
Approximate length
About 3–4 m
Person 1.7 mDryosaurus ~3.5 m
Giant herbivoreBrachiosaurusExplore profile

A rare, tall-fronted sauropod whose longer forelimbs and elevated shoulders created a distinctive body profile.

Diet
Herbivore
Approximate length
Roughly 18–22 m
Person 1.7 mBrachiosaurus ~20 m

An Australian chapter

Dinosaurs of Australia

Australia’s dinosaur record is fragmentary but remarkable, preserving giant sauropods, predators, armoured dinosaurs and small animals adapted to high-latitude environments.

Broad discovery regions

Tracks, bones and ancient landscapes

The map identifies widely reported regional centres of Australian dinosaur research. It does not provide exact fossil coordinates or permission to collect. Fossil protection and ownership requirements vary between jurisdictions.

Map of Australia showing broad dinosaur fossil and trackway regions including Broome, Winton, Richmond, Lightning Ridge, Dinosaur Cove and Inverloch

Select any dinosaur to reveal its profile. Reconstructions are artistic and become more speculative where remains are incomplete.

Theropod predatorAustralovenatorExplore profile

A lightly built meat-eating dinosaur known from the Winton Formation of Queensland.

Period
Late Cretaceous
Region
Winton, Queensland
Approximate length
About 5–6 m
Titanosaur sauropodDiamantinasaurusExplore profile

A robust long-necked herbivore represented by unusually informative remains from Queensland.

Period
Late Cretaceous
Region
Winton, Queensland
Approximate length
About 15–16 m
Sauropod herbivoreWintonotitanExplore profile

A large sauropod from the Winton Formation, known from incomplete remains.

Period
Late Cretaceous
Region
Winton, Queensland
Approximate length
Often estimated around 15–17 m
Ornithopod herbivoreMuttaburrasaurusExplore profile

A large plant-eater with a distinctive rounded snout, first discovered near Muttaburra.

Period
Early Cretaceous
Region
Queensland and New South Wales
Approximate length
About 7 m
Armoured herbivoreMinmiExplore profile

A small ankylosaur with body armour and no known tail club.

Period
Early Cretaceous
Region
Queensland
Approximate length
About 3 m
Armoured herbivoreKunbarrasaurusExplore profile

An ankylosaur known from an exceptionally preserved skeleton, including skull and armour.

Period
Early Cretaceous
Region
Hughenden region, Queensland
Approximate length
About 2.5–3 m
Small polar herbivoreLeaellynasauraExplore profile

A small ornithischian from Early Cretaceous Victoria, when the region lay within the southern polar circle.

Period
Early Cretaceous
Region
Dinosaur Cove, Victoria
Approximate length
About 2 m
Small ornithopodQantassaurusExplore profile

A compact plant-eater from Victoria’s cool high-latitude Cretaceous environment.

Period
Early Cretaceous
Region
Inverloch, Victoria
Approximate length
About 1.8 m
Titanosaur sauropodSavannasaurusExplore profile

A broad-bodied sauropod from the Winton Formation, known from a partial skeleton.

Period
Late Cretaceous
Region
Winton, Queensland
Approximate length
About 12–15 m
Small ornithopodWeewarrasaurusExplore profile

A small plant-eater known from opalised jaw material found near Lightning Ridge.

Period
Early to mid-Cretaceous
Region
Lightning Ridge, New South Wales
Approximate length
Uncertain; small-bodied
Small theropodTimimusExplore profile

A poorly known theropod from Victoria, represented by limited material.

Period
Early Cretaceous
Region
Dinosaur Cove, Victoria
Approximate length
Uncertain
Theropod, highly incompleteOzraptorExplore profile

One of Australia’s older named dinosaurs, known from only a fragmentary lower leg bone. Its appearance is therefore highly uncertain.

Period
Middle Jurassic
Region
Geraldton region, Western Australia
Approximate length
Not reliably known
Labelled artistic reconstruction identifying mosasaurs, ammonites, schooling fish, sunlit surface water and the marine seafloor in a Late Cretaceous sea
Labelled artistic reconstruction of a Late Cretaceous marine ecosystem. Colour, behaviour and the arrangement of animals are interpretive.

Fossil teeth & ancient oceans

Predators preserved in stone

Fossil teeth provide a remarkably direct connection to animals that hunted in ancient seas—from mosasaurs of the Cretaceous Period to sharks whose history reaches far deeper into geological time.

This educational section introduces the principal groups represented in the Deep Time Atelier collection. Individual specimens will be added later, with exact-item photography and all available identification, age, locality, condition and treatment information.

Marine reptile Mosasaur teeth Late Cretaceous seas

Long before whales became the dominant large animals of the oceans, mosasaurs were among the most formidable marine predators. They were fully aquatic reptiles that lived during the Late Cretaceous Period and belonged to the same broad reptile group as modern snakes and lizards.

Many mosasaurs possessed strong, curved teeth suited to seizing fish, squid and other marine prey. Other specialised forms developed broader teeth capable of crushing hard-shelled animals.

Mosasaurs were not dinosaurs. They lived alongside dinosaurs, but belonged to a different branch of the reptile family tree.

Giant extinct shark Megalodon teeth Ancient ocean apex predator

Otodus megalodon was an enormous extinct shark known principally from its robust, serrated teeth and fossilised vertebrae. Its teeth occur in marine deposits of Miocene and Pliocene age in many parts of the world.

Size, colour and preservation vary with the tooth’s position in the jaw and the minerals present in the sediment where it fossilised. A large tooth is not automatically a better specimen; completeness, enamel, serrations, root preservation, locality and restoration are also important.

Many species & ages Other fossil shark teeth A diverse evolutionary record

Sharks continually produce and shed teeth throughout their lives. Under suitable conditions, lost teeth can be buried in sediment and mineralised, leaving an abundant but highly varied fossil record.

Tooth shape reflects feeding strategy. Slender teeth may grip fish, broad serrated teeth can cut larger prey, and flatter forms may crush shells. Listings will use the most precise identification supported by the specimen and its provenance.

Artistic reconstruction of Otodus megalodon swimming in a Miocene sea with schooling fish and a distant marine mammal
Artistic reconstruction of Otodus megalodon. No complete skeleton is known, so its precise proportions and appearance remain subjects of scientific research.

Miocene to Pliocene oceans

Otodus megalodon

Megalodon was one of the largest predatory sharks known from the fossil record. It lived from approximately 23 million to 3.6 million years ago, long after the non-avian dinosaurs and mosasaurs had disappeared.

Its broad triangular teeth carried fine serrations for cutting flesh. Evidence from fossilised marine-mammal bones—including bite marks and embedded tooth fragments—shows that whales formed part of its diet, alongside large fish and other sharks.

Scientific name
Otodus megalodon
Geological range
Early Miocene to Pliocene
Fossils most often found
Teeth; vertebrae are much rarer
Tooth size
The largest known examples approach 18 cm
Scale comparison showing an illustrative 18 metre Otodus megalodon above a six metre modern white pointer
An illustrative size comparison, not a claim that every megalodon reached 18 m. Estimates vary because no complete skeleton is known.

Specimens coming soon

Fossil Teeth collection

Mosasaur, megalodon and other fossil teeth will be added after each specimen has been photographed, measured and documented.

View fossil teeth

Material library

Stories held in matter

01

Dinosaur gem bone

Mineralised bone preserving biological architecture from deep geological time.

02

Meteorites

Extraterrestrial material carrying evidence of the early Solar System.

03

Opal

Hydrated silica whose microscopic structure can diffract light into spectral colour.

04

Amber

Fossilised plant resin preserving chemistry and occasional traces of ancient ecosystems.

05

Fossils

Physical remains or traces of past life, interpreted through anatomy and geological context.

06

Minerals and gems

Natural crystals and rocks selected for structure, colour, locality and geological story.

Collector glossary

Useful words, plainly explained

Agatized

A lapidary term generally used when silica-rich minerals, often chalcedony or related materials, contribute to a hard, polishable fossil.

Matrix

The natural rock or sediment surrounding or attached to a fossil or mineral specimen.

Permineralised

Minerals have filled pores and cavities within buried biological material while preserving aspects of its structure.

Provenance

The documented history of an object, including known origin, ownership, collection and preparation information.

Stabilised

A consolidant or resin has been introduced to strengthen porous or fractured material. Properly disclosed stabilisation is a preservation treatment, not automatically a defect.

Exact-item photography

The photographs show the individual object that will be supplied, rather than a representative example.

Authenticity & provenance

Wonder without invention.

Known origin, age, preparation and treatment information is recorded wherever it is available. Unknowns remain clearly marked as unknown. Exact quarry coordinates may be withheld to protect sites and landowners, but exciting claims never replace evidence.

Commercial vertebrate fossil material is accepted only when represented as lawfully sourced from private land with permission. Scientifically significant material deserves specialist attention rather than reduction to decorative stock.

Our provenance standard